Images

These images can be found in the article Pivotal Role of Spin in Celestial Body Motion Mechanics.

 

TABLE IIa
PLANETARY AXIAL ROTATION RATES  vs. SATELLITES’ ORBITAL SPEEDS
(Synchronously Rotating Satellites)

 

                         PLANETS

 

SATELLITES

 

MASS
(1024 Kg)

AXIAL ROT. SPEED
(Km/hr)

 

DIST. FROM MOTHER
(103km)

MASS*

ORBITAL SPEED (Km/hr)

1) Mars

 

0.642

867

Phobos
Deimos

9.38
23.46

10.6
2.4

7,695
4,868

2) Earth

 

5.97

1677

Moon

384.4

0.073

3,679

3) Uranus

 

86.8

9,310

Miranda
Ariel
Umbriel
Titania
Oberon

129.9
190.9
557
436
584

0.66
13.5
11.7
35.2
30.1

23,923
19,844
16,821
13,110
11,320

4) Neptune

 

102

10,231

Naiad
Thalassa
Despina
Galatea
Larissa

23.2
25.2
27.7
37.2
48.8

0.002
0.004
0.02
0.04
0.05

43,350
42,129
41,045
37,836
35,238

5) Saturn

 

568

17,775

Mimas
Enceladus
Tethys
Dione
Rhea

185.5
238
294.7
377.4
527

0.379
1.08
6.18
11.0
23.1

51,684
45,471
40,879
36,036
30,531

6) Jupiter

 

1899

45,255

Io
Europa
Ganymede
Calisto

421.6
670.9
1070
1883

893.2
480
1481.9
1075.9

62,382
49,613
39,103
29,531

 

Data presented in this table were adapted from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet and related pages.  Only for the moon was actual value derived from the NASA’s website; all other values were calculated from the values for the orbital parameters posted at the website.  For calculating the orbits of the small satellites, where only semi-major axes were provided, they were used; since all satellites’ values were thus affected, we accepted that limitation.  
*The masses for all of the planets and earth’s moon were x10 24 kg and for the satellites of Mars were x 1015 kg; for Jupiter’s moons were x 1021 kg; for Saturn’s, Uranus’ and Neptune’s were x 1020 kg

 

TABLE II b
PLANETARY AXIAL ROTATION vs.  SATELLITES’ AXIAL ROTATION SPEED
(Synchronously Rotating Satellites)

 

PLANETS

 

SATELLITES

 

MASS
(1024kg)

AXIAL ROT.
SPEED
(km/h)

 

MASS*

DIST. FROM
MOTHER
(103km)

AXIAL. ROT.
SPEED
(km/h)

 

MARS

 

0.642

 

867

 

PHOBOS
DEIMOS

 

10.6
2.4

 

9.38
23.46

 

9.33
1.25

 

EARTH

 

5.97

 

1,677

 

MOON

 

0.073

 

384.4

 

16.7

 

URANUS

 

86.8

 

9,130

MIRANDA
ARIEL
UMBRIEL
TITANIA
OBERON

0.66
13.5
11.7
35.2
30.1

129.9
190.9
557
436
584

44
60.7
38
23.7
14.8

 

NEPTUNE

 

 

102

 

10,231

NAIAD
THALASSIA
DESPINA
GALATIA
LARISSA

0.002
0.004
0.02
0.04
0.05

23.2
25.2
27.7
37.2
48.8

31.5
36.9
60.5
54.3
47

 

SATURN

 

 

568

 

17,775

MIMAS
ENCELADUS
TETHYS
DIONE
RHEA

0.379
1.08
6.18
11.0
23.1

185.5
238
294.7
377.4
527

51.6
44.5
40.8
36
30.7

 

JUPITER

 

1899

 

42,255

IO
EUROPA
GANYMEDE
CALLISTO

893.2
480
1481.9
1075.9

421.6
670.9
1070
1883

269.6
115.2
95.7
37.8

 

Data in this table were adapted from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet and related pages.  Only for the moon was actual values derived from NASA’s website; all other values were calculated from the values for the orbital parameters posted on that site.  For calculating the axial rotation speeds, either using the ‘median axis radius’ given by NASA, or by calculating it from the data provided (for the small satellites, where their shapes are not spherical) were used to determine the circumference.  Since the satellites were synchronously rotating, for axial rotation period, the orbital period was used.  Then, the satellites’ orbital rotation was calculated from the two values. * The masses for satellites of Mars were x1015 kg; for moon it was x1024 kg, for Uranus’, Neptune’s and Saturn’s were x1020 kg; for Jupiter’s they were 1021 kg.

 

Reproduced from Applied Phys. Res. Vol 12, No 2, 2020
http://dx.dol.org/10.5539/apr.c12n2p

 

TABLE III
ORBITAL PARAMETERS OF SATELLITES OF JUPITER*

C = Newly discovered satellites S/2000 J2 to S/2011 J2 have orbital periods from 504 to 982.5; all exhibit reverse ‘motion’ and orbital  inclination from 140.8 to 165.  Numerous peripheral newly discovered unnamed satellite are not included in this Table. Most of them rotate negatively.
 S=Synchronous rotation (rotation period is the same as orbital period) R=Retrograde rotation ND= No data available Δ Distance from Jupiter (103km) = Semi-major Axis*Adapted from:http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/joviansatfact.html 16 July 201 Reproduced with kind permission of Physics Essays Publication, http://physicsessays.org/ with modifications.

Satellites:

Radius
(Km)

Distance from Jupiter Δ
(103Km)

Orbital Period
(Days)

Rotation Period
(Days)

Inclination
(Degrees)

A) Galilean:

 

 

 

 

 

Io

1,821.6

421.8

1.769138

S

0.04

Europa

1,560.8

671.1

3.551181

S

0.47

Ganymede

2,631.2

1,070.4

7.154553

S

0.18

Callisto

2,410.3

1,882.7

16.689017

S

0.19

 

 

 

 

 

 

B) ‘Lesser’

 

 

 

 

 

Metis

30x20x17

128

0.294779

S

0.06

Adrastea

10x8x7

129

0.298260

S

0.03

Amalthea

125x73x64

181.4

0.498179

S

0.40

Thebe

58x49x42

221.9

0.6745

S

0.8

Themisto

4

7,507

132.02

ND

45.67

Leda

5

11,170

240.92

ND

27.47

Himalia

85

11,460

250.5662

0.4

27.63

Lysithea

12

11,720

259.22

ND

27.35

Elara
S/2000 J11
Carpo (S/2003 J20)

40
2.0
3.0

11,740
12,560
16,990

259.6528
287.0
456.1

0.5
ND
ND

24.77
28.2
51.4

Euporie
Orthosie
Euanthe
Thyone
Mneme

1
1
1.5
2
2

19,390
20,720
20,800
20,940
21,070

553.1 R
622.6 R
620.6 R
627.3 R
620.0 R

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

147
145.9
148.9
148.5
148.6

Harpalyke
Hermippe

2.2
2

21,110
21,130

623.3 R
633.9 R

ND
ND

148.7
150.7

Praxidike
Thelxinoe
Helike

3.4
2.0
4.0

21,150
21,160
21,260

625.3 R
628.1 R
634.8 R

ND
ND
ND

148.7
151.4
154.8

Iocaste

2.6

21,270

631.5 R

ND

159.7

Ananke
Eurydome

10
1.5

21,280
22,870

629.8 R
717.3 R

ND
ND

148.9
150.3

Arche
Autonoe
Herse

1.5
2
2

22,930
23,040
23,097

723.9 R
762.7 R
715.4 R

ND
ND
ND

165
152.9
164.2

Pasithee
Chaldene

1
1.9

23,100
23,180

716.3 R
723.8 R

ND
ND

165.4
165.4

Kale

1

23,220

729.5 R

ND

165

Isonoe
Aitne

1.9
1.5

23,220
23,230

725.5 R
730.2 R

ND
ND

165
165.1

Erinome

1.6

23,280

728.3 R

ND

164.9

Taygete

2.5

23,360

732.2 R

ND

165.2

Carme
Sponde

15
1

23,400
23,490

734.2 R
748.3 R

ND
ND

164.9
151

Kalyke

2.6

23,580

743 R

ND

165.2

Pasiphae
Eukelade

18
4

23,620
23,660

743.6 R
746.4 R

ND
ND

151.4
165.5

Megaclite
Sinope
Hegemono
Aoede
Kallichore

2.7
14
3
4
2

23,810
23,940
23,950
23,980
24,040

752.8 R
758.9 R
739.6 R
761.5 R
764.7 R

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

152.8
158.1
155.2
158.3
165.5

Callirrhoe

4

24,100

758.8 R

ND

147.1

Cyllene
Kore

2
2

24,350
24,540

737.8 R
779.2 R

ND
ND

149.3
152.4

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE IV

 SELECTED  PARAMETERS  OF  STARS  IN  SUN’S  NEIGHBORHOOD

STAR

DISTANCE
(Light Years)

RADIUS*

MASS*

RAD.VEL
Km/sec

ROT. VEL
Km/sec

1) Proxima Centauri         

4.24

0.154

0.122

-22.20

<0.1

2) Alpha Centauri A

4.37

1.22

1.1

-21.4

2.7+-0.7

3) Alpha Centauri B

4.37

0.86

0.907

-18.6

1.1+-0,8

4) Barnaard’s star

5.96

0.196

0.144

-110.6

<2.5

5) Wolf 359

7.86

0.16

0.09

+19

<3.0

6) Sirius A

8.6

1.71

2.063

-5.5

16

7) Luyten 726-8

8.73

0.14

0.102

+29

28.2

8) Ross 154

9.6

0.24

0.17

-10.7

3.5

9) Ross 248

10.29

0.16

0.136

-75.2

1.2

10) Ross 128

11

0.197

0.168

-31

N/A

11) 61 Cygni A

11.4

0.665

0.7

-65.9

N/A

12) 61 Cygni B

11.4

0.595

0.63

-64.4

N/A

13) Procyon A

11.46

2.05

1.50

-3.2

3.16

14) Epsilon Indi

11.87

0.732

0.754

-40.4

1.46

15) Vega

25

2.36 x 2.82

2.1

-13.9

20.48

16) Arcturus

36.7

25.4

1.08

-5.19

2.4

17) Aldebaran

65.3

44.13

1.16

54.26

3.5+-1.5

18) Beta Carinae

113.2

6.8

3.5

-5.2

145.7

19) Achernar

139

7.3 x 11.4

6.7

+16

250

20) Alha Arae

270+-20

4.5

9.6

0

375

21) Canopus

310

71

8

+20.3

9

22) Polaris

323-433

37.5

5.4

-17

14

23) Pleione

392

3.2

3.4

+4.4

329

24) Epsilon Aurigae

653-1,500

143-358

2.2-15

10.4

54

25) PZ Cassiopeiae

2810

1062

N/A

-45.68

45

26) Rho Cassiopeiae

~3,400

636-981

40

-47

25

27) VY Canis Majoris

~3,820

1420

17

41

300

28) KY Cygni

~3,600

672

25

N/A

N/A

29) UY Scuti

~5,100

755

7-10

+18.33

18

30) V382 Carinae

5,930

485

20

+6

57+-15 (?)

31)  V915 Scorpii

5436

760

N/A

+46

N/A

32) Eta Carinae

7,500

~240

120-200

-25

N/A

33) VFTS 102

164,000

N/A

~25

+228

610+-30

The data for this table were derived from published material online, mainly from Wikipedia.org but, some were confirmed or corrected by values posted in other sites, as well as from nasa.gov website

  • = Radius and mass are expressed as multiples of solar radius or solar mass
  • N/A= Data not available

Table V

SELECTED PARAMETERS OF LARGE GALAXIES

Name

Distance
(LY)

Mass*

Size
(Diam.)
(LY)

No. of Stars

Helio-Radial
Vel (Km/s)

Galacto- Centric
Vel (Km/s)

1) 1C 1101

1.045 ±
0.073 B

N/A

4M

100 T (1014 )

23,368 ± 26

23,395 ± 26

2) 3C 348 (Hercules A)

2.1 B

1,000 *

1.5M

N/A

N/A

N/A

3) A2261 – BCG

3 B

10 *

1M

10 T (1013)

N/A

N/A

4) ESO 306 – 17

493 M

2.5 arc. Sec

1M

N/A

N/A

N/A

5) UGC 2885

232 M

463 K ly

800

1T

N/A

N/A

6) Comet 

3.2 B

3.8 x 108 M⊙

600K

N/A

3.4M

N/A

7) NGC 6872 (Condor Gal)

212 M

>1011 M⊙

522K

N/A

4,555

4,443

8) ESO 444 – 46

640 M

10,000 *

402K

N/A

14,061

N/A

9) Tadpole

 

420 M

N/A

280K

N/A

N/A

N/A

10)Andromeda

2.54 M

1.76  *

~220K

1T

-301

- 120

11) Milky Way

_______

1x1012 M⊙

105.2

250-500

210

N/A

LY= Light years    K= x1000    M=  Million      B= Billion   T= Trillion
N/A = Data not available
    ⋆ =  x Mass of Milky Way Galaxy
M⊙= x Mass of Sun

The data for this table were derived from our review of astronomy/astrophysical journals and various online sites, including nasa.gov, Wikipedia.org and others.   There is great paucity of data for the parameters we were particularly interested in (axial rotation speeds and radial velocity, vs mass/size of the galaxies).  We tried to select large galaxies and compare them with medium-sized ones such as our Milky Way Galaxy.  Apparently, the largest of the galaxies are also the farthest and clearly the availability of data is severely hampered by that fact alone.  Thus, on this table we are left with comparison of only a few galaxies (Nos.1,6,7,8 vs 10 & 11).  Even with this sparse data, there is a good hint that the galacto-radial and helio-radial velocities are higher, the larger the galaxy is.  Taken together with the recent observation (5) of the “Super Spirals” rotating even faster, we can safely predict that future availability of accurate information will confirm our belief.